2 ^nd Annual Congress on Clinical Microbiology and Yeast Congress November 22-23, 2021 Vancouver, Canada

\ The awesome power of yeast genetics is partially due to the ability to quickly map a phenotype-producing gene to a region of the S. cerevisiae genome. For the past two decades S. cerevisiae has been the model system for much of molecular genetic research because the basic cellular mechanics of replication, recombination, cell division and metabolism are generally conserved between yeast and larger eukaryotes, including mammals.

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\ Molecular genetics is the field of biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. The study of chromosomes and gene expression of an organism can give insight into heredity, genetic variation, and mutations.

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\ is a spore-bearing, fleshy fruiting body of a fungus, which grows above ground on soil or on the organic food source. The most important microscopic feature for identification of mushrooms is the spores. Their spores, called basidiospores, are produced on the gills and fall in a fine rain of powder from under the caps as a result. Mushrooms are the fruit bodies of members of the order Agaricales, whose type genus is agaricus and type species is the field mushroom, agaricus campestris. However, in modern molecularly defined classifications, not all members of the order agaricales produce mushroom fruit bodies, and many other gilled fungi, collectively called mushrooms, occur in other orders of the class agaricomycetes. It is formed within the mycelium, the mass of threadlike hyphae that make up the fungus. Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. In reality, all species of mushrooms take several days to form primordial mushroom fruit bodies, though they do expand rapidly by the absorption of fluids. An atypical mushroom is the lobster mushroom, which is deformed, by the mycoparasitic ascomycete hypomyces lactifluorum. Some are having pores underneath, others have spines.

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\ Ethnomycology\

\ apoptosis<span background-color:="\&quot;\&quot;" font-size:="\&quot;\&quot;" roboto="\&quot;\&quot;" rgb(51,="" 51,="" 51);="" font-family:="" \"="" text-align:="\&quot;\&quot;"> has long been controversial, in part because of doubts of whether cell suicide could constitute an evolutionary advantage for unicellular organisms.

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\ cell will continue dividing decreases exponentially as a function of the number of completed divisions. Thus, the mortality rate increases exponentially with age. However, it plateaus at older ages in similarity to what has been observed in other species. Yeasts undergo a variety of changes as they age, and some of these are clearly detrimental. In view of this, it is reasonable to speak of an aging process. In practical terms, yeast lifespan is measured by observing individual cells periodically under a microscope and removing buds with a micro-manipulator.

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\ Yeast provides a flexible and rapid genetic system for studying cellular events. With an approximate generation time of 90 min, colonies containing millions of cells are produced after just 2 d of growth. In addition, yeast can propagate in both haploid and diploid forms, greatly facilitating genetic analysis. Like bacteria, haploid yeast cells can be mutated to produce specific nutritional requirements or auxotrophic genetic phenotypes, and recessive lethal mutations can either be maintained in haploids as conditional lethal alleles (e.g., temperature-sensitive mutants), or in heterozygotic diploids, which carry both wild-type and mutant alleles.

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\r\n Nuclear RNA processing requires dynamic and intricately regulated machinery composed of multiple enzymes and their cofactors. Much progress has been made recently in describing the 3D structure of many elements of the nuclear degradation machinery and its cofactors. Similarly, the regulatory mechanisms that govern RNA processing are gradually coming into focus. Such advances invariably generate many new questions, which we highlight in this Yeast Congress 2019.

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\r\n Most yeast infections are caused by a type of yeast called Candida albicans. Yeast is a fungus that normally lives in the vagina in small numbers. A vaginal yeast infection means that too many yeast cells are growing in the vagina. These infections are very common. When something happens to change the balance of these organisms, yeast can grow too much and cause symptoms. Vaginal yeast infections aren’t considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Sexual contact can spread it, but women who aren’t sexually active can also get them. Once you get a yeast infection, you’re also more likely to get another one.

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\ Fungal physiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the life-supporting functions and processes of fungi that allows fungal organisms to grow and reproduce.

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\ Food spoilage due to bacteria and\\or yeast contamination can be a costly problem for the food industry. Recent progress in DNA analysis has enabled rapid, accurate yeast identification methods to be developed. Armed with this precision identification it is possible to predict and eliminate the source of contamination. Some yeast are psychrophilic, and so they can grow at relatively low temperatures. In fact, the fermentation of wine and beer is often carried out at temperatures near 40°F. Because some kinds are psychrophiles, they can create a spoilage problem in meat coolers and other refrigerated storage areas. Because they can grow under conditions of high salt or sugar content, they can cause the spoilage of certain foods in which bacteria would not grow. Foods produced by the bacterial fermentation process, such as pickles and sauerkraut, can also be spoiled by yeasts which interfere with the normal fermentative process. While certain yeasts are pathogenic, yeast infections are much less common than bacterial infections.  Foodborne illness continues to be an urgent issue across the globe. The epidemiology of the foodborne disease is changing. New pathogens have emerged, and some have spread worldwide. These pathogens cause millions of cases of sporadic illness and chronic diseases, as well as large and challenging outbreaks over many states and nations.

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\ It refers to the bioremediation or biodegradation of contaminants and hazardous pollutants in the environment using yeast. The environment is under great stress due to industrialization and human interfering on the limited natural resources. Bioremediation is an increasingly popular method using microbial strains and their enzymes for degrading waste contaminants such as chlorinated pesticides or other pollutants to protect the environment from pollution. Bioremediation is based on biodegradative processes related to microbial population dynamics in soil or water and its ability to consume xenobiotic as a carbon source.

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\ The humanized yeast model has emerged as a powerful tool in large-scale screenings directed to target human proteins. The high degree of cellular processes conservation between the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes has made this microorganism a valuable cell model to study the pathobiology of several human diseases. The yeast target-based approach can be highly useful in the first-line screening of potentially active compounds to be tested in more complex cell models.

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\ There are interesting opportunities to isolate or generate yeast variants that perform better than the currently used strains. Therefore there is the need of different strategies of strain selection and improvement available for both conventional and nonconventional yeasts. Exploiting the existing natural diversity and using techniques such as mutagenesis, protoplast fusion, breeding, genome shuffling and directed evolution to generate artificial diversity or the use of genetic modification strategies to alter traits in a more targeted way, have led to the selection of superior industrial yeasts. Furthermore, recent technological advances allowed the development of high-throughput techniques, such as ‘global transcription machinery engineering’ (gTME), to induce genetic variation, providing a new source of yeast genetic diversity.

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\ Research is currently focusing on the transformation of new raw materials into biofuels. To date, yeast is the best micro-organism to produce alcoholic fermentation from simple sugars. Humans, with centuries of experience in this field in baking, wine-making or brewing, have very effective strains available to them. They are now used to make biofuels from renewable agricultural products - beet, sugar cane, molasses and other amylase products. Research is currently focusing on the transformation of new raw materials into biofuels.\

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\ Humans have taken advantage of the metabolism in a tiny fungus called yeast to create beer and wine from grains and fruits. Yeast Biotechnology can be defined as the application of yeast to the development of industrial products and processes. Fermentation now is used in various fields such as bread making, wine brewing, chocolate production, probiotics etc.

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\ Humans have taken advantage of the metabolism in a tiny fungus called yeast to create beer and wine from grains and fruits. Yeast Biotechnology can be defined as the application of yeast to the development of industrial products and processes. Fermentation now is used in various fields such as bread making, wine brewing, chocolate production, probiotics etc.\

\ Fungal genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in fungi. Yeasts and filamentous fungi are extensively used as model organisms for eukaryotic genetic research, including cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure, genetic recombination and gene regulation.

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\ Autophagy refers to a group of processes that involve degradation of cytoplasmic components including cytosol, macromolecular complexes, and organelles, within the vacuole or the lysosome of higher eukaryotes.

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